Carbo-loading: Tips for Endurance Athletes

Does carbo-loading mean stuffing myself with pasta?

Should I avoid protein the day before the marathon?

Will carbo-loading make me fat...?

If you are an endurance athlete who is fearful of "hitting the wall," listen up: proper fueling before your marathon, triathlon, century bike ride or other competitive endurance events can make the difference between agony and ecstacy! If you plan to compete for longer than 90 minutes, you want to maximize the amount of glycogen stored in your muscles because poorly fueled muscles are associated with needless fatigue. The more glycogen, the more endurance (potentially). While the typical athlete has about 80 to 120 mmol glycogen/kg muscle, a carbo-loaded athlete can have about 200 mmol. This is enough to improve endurance by about 2 to 3%, to say nothing of make the event more enjoyable.

While carbo-loading sounds simple (just stuff yourself with pasta, right?), the truth is many endurance athletes make food mistakes that hurt their performance. The last thing you want after having trained for months is to ruin your performance with poor nutrition, so carbo-load correctly!

Training Tactics

The biggest change in your schedule during the week before your event should be in your training, not in your food. Don't be tempted to do any last-minute long sessions! You need to taper your training so that your muscles have adequate time to become fully fueled (and healed). Allow at least two easy or rest days pre-event.

Fueling Tactics

You need not eat hundreds more calories this week. You simply need to exercise less. This way, the 600 to 1,000 calories you generally expend during training can be used to fuel your muscles. All during this week, you should maintain your tried-and-true high-carbohydrate training diet. Drastic changes can easily lead to upset stomachs, diarrhea, or constipation. For example, carbo-loading on an unusually high amount of fruits and juices might cause diarrhea. Too many white flour, low fiber bagels, breads, and pasta might clog your system. As Marathon King Bill Rodgers once said "More marathons are won or lost in the porta-toilets than they are at the marathon..." Fuel wisely, not like a chow hound.

Be sure that you carbo-load, not fat-load. Some athletes eat gobs of butter on a dinner roll, big dollops of sour cream on a potato, and enough dressing to drown a salad. These fatty foods fill both the stomach and fat cells but leave muscles poorly fueled. The better bet is to trade the fats for extra carbohydrates. That is: instead of devouring one roll with butter for 200 calories, have two plain rolls for 200 calories. Enjoy pasta with tomato sauce rather than oil or cheese toppings. Choose low-fat frozen yogurt, not gourmet ice cream.

Meal Timing

NYC Marathon Queen Grete Waitz once said she never ate a very big meal the night before a marathon, as it usually would give her trouble the next day. She preferred to eat a bigger lunch. You, too, might find that pattern works well for your intestinal tract. That is, instead of relying upon a huge pasta dinner the night before the event, you might want to enjoy a substantial carb-fest at breakfast or lunch. This earlier meal allows plenty of time for the food to move through your system. You can also carbo-load two days before if you will be too nervous to eat much the day before the event. (The glycogen stays in your muscles until you exercise.) Then graze on crackers, chicken noodle soup, and other easily tolerated foods the day before your competition.

You'll be better off eating a little bit too much than too little the day before the event, but don't overstuff yourself. Learning the right balance takes practice. Hence, each long training session leading up to the endurance event offers the opportunity to learn which food-and how much of it- to eat. I repeat: During training, be sure to practice your pre-event carbo-loading meal so you'll have no surprises on the day of the event!

Weight Gain

Athletes who have properly carbo-loaded should gain about one to three pounds-but don't panic! This weight gain is good; it reflects water weight and indicates you have done a good job of fueling your muscles. For every ounce of carb stored in your body, you store almost three ounces water.

Fluids

Be sure to drink extra water, juices, and even soda pop, if desired. Abstain from too much wine, beer, and alcoholic beverages; they are not only poor sources of carbs, but are also dehydrating. Drink enough alcohol-free beverages to produce a significant volume of urine every two to four hours. The urine should be pale yellow, like lemonade. Don't bother to overhydrate; your body is like a sponge and can absorb just so much fluid.

Protein

Many endurance athletes eat only carbs and totally avoid protein-rich foods the days before their event. Bad idea. Your body needs protein on a daily basis. Hence, you can and should eat a small serving of low-fat proteins such as poached eggs, yogurt, turkey, or chicken as the accompaniment to most meals (not the main focus), or plant proteins such as beans and lentils (as tolerated).

Event day:

Carb-loading is just part of the fueling plan. What you eat on the day of the event is critically important and helps to spare your limited muscle glycogen stores. So fuel yourself wisely both before and during the event-and hopefully you will enjoy miles of smiles!

Nancy Clark, MS, RD, CSSD is Board Certified as a Specialist in Sports Dietetics. She counsels casual and competitive athletes in her private practice at Healthworks, the premier fitness center in Chestnut Hill MA (617-383-6100). Her Sports Nutrition Guidebook, Cyclist's Food Guide, and Food Guide for Marathoners: Tips for everyday Champions all offer additional information about how to prepare for endurance events. See www.nancyclarkrd.com and www.sportsnutritionworkshop.com for more details.

SIDEBAR:

Tools for Carbo-loading

When carbo-loading, you want to consume about 3 to 5 grams carbohydrates per pound of body weight. (This comes to a diet with about 60% of calories from carbohydrates.) Divide your target grams of carbohydrates into three parts of the day (breakfast+snack; lunch+snack; dinner+ snack),and choose foods to hit our target! You can find carbohydrate info on food labels and www.fitday.com

If you weigh: Total #g carb/day Target #g carbs per five hours:

7:00 a.m.-noon; noon-5:00 pm; 5:00-10:00 pm

100 lbs 300 to 500 g 100 to 175 g

125 lbs 375 to 625 g 125 to 210 g

150 lbs 450 to 750 g 150 to 250 g

175 lbs 525 to 875 g 175 to 290 g

Sample 50 gram carbohydrate choices for the foundation of a meal or snack

Wheaties, 2 cups

Nature Valley Granola Bar, 2 packets (4 bars)

Thomas' Bagel, 1 (3.5 oz)

Banana, 2 medium

Orange juice, 16 ounces

Apple, 2 medium

Raisins, 1/2 cup

Pepperidge Farm multi-grain bread, 2.5 slices

Baked potato, 1 large (6.5 ounces)

Pasta, 1 cup cooked

Rice, 1 cup cooked

Fig Newtons, 5

Flavored Yogurt + 3 graham cracker squares

Two Sample Carbo-loading Food Plans (3,200-3,400 Calories)

Appropriate for a 150 pound athlete who needs about 4 grams carb/lb body weight

Approximate Calories Carbs (g)

Wheaties, 2 cups 220 48

Milk, 1% lowfat, 8 ounces 100 12

Bagel, 1 (3.5 ounce) 300 55

Cream cheese, lowfat, 2 Tbsp 50 2

Orange juice, 12 ounces 160 40 Breakfast: 830 cals, 75% carb

Whole grain bread, 2 slices 200 40

Peanut butter, 2 tablespoons 200 8

Jelly, 2 tablespoons 100 25

Fruit yogurt, 8 ounces 230 35

Potato chips, baked, 2 ounces 240 45 Lunch: 970 cals, 65% carb

Apple, 1 large 120 30

Graham crackers, 4 squares 120 22 Snack total: 240 cals; 90% carb

Chicken breast, 5 ounces 250 --

Rice, 1.5 cups cooked 300 65

Brocolli, 1 cup 50 10

Dinner rolls, 2 whole wheat 200 40 Dinner: 800 cals; 60% carb

Banana, 1 medium (4 ounces) 100 25

Sherbert, 1 cup 260 45 PM snack: 360 cals, ~100% carb

TOTAL Menu #1 3,200 547 g

~70% carb; ~4 g carb/lb for a 150 lb athlete

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Menu #2

Oatmeal, 1 cup dry, cooked in 300 55

Milk. 16 ounces 200 25

Raisins, 1/4 cup 130 30

Brown sugar, 1.5 tablespoons 50 12

Apple juice, 8 ounces 120 30 Breakfast: 800 cals; 75% carb

Sub sandwich roll, 6" (4 ounces) 320 60

Lean meat (4 ounces) 200 --

Fruit yogurt, 8 ounces 240 40

Grape juice, 12 ounces 220 55 Lunch: 980 cals; 80% carb

Fig Newtons, 6 330 65

Jelly beans, 15 large 150 38 Snack: 480 cals; 85% carb

Spaghetti. 2 cups cooked 400 80

Prego spaghetti sauce, 1 cup 250 40

Italian bread, 2 slices 150 30

Root beer, 12 ounces 140 38 Dinner: 940 cals; 80% carb

Canned peaches in syrup, 1 cup 200 48 Snack: 200 cals; ~100% carb

TOTAL Menu #2 3,400 646 g

~75% carb; ~4.5 g carb/lb for a 150 lb athlete